世界银行行长和国际货币基金组织总裁在“领导人气候峰会”上的讲话

康乃馨老太

SPEECHES & TRANSCRIPTS APRIL 22, 2021

Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the Leaders Summit on Climate

Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry: My next question is for David Malpass, President of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group is the largest provider of multilateral funding and finance for developing countries. And your 2021-2025 Climate Change Action Plan is going to be published in the coming weeks. How will the World Bank Group contribute to raising ambition on climate through this new plan?

World Bank Group President David Malpass: Thank you, Secretary Kerry and everyone. It's a pleasure to be with you. We published a summary of our Climate Change Action Plan today. The core of the Plan is to spend more -- in fact, record amounts -- in ways that get the most results. That means helping the biggest emitters flatten the greenhouse gas emissions curve and accelerate the downtrend. And it also means record spending on adaptation -- that's at least 50% of our climate finance -- to help countries prepare for and adapt to climate change.

As background, the World Bank Group has reached its highest-ever levels of climate finance in the past two years Our plan commits to big increases in spending, focused on results, plus active private sector mobilization through IFC and MIGA, our private sector focused entities. And importantly we're aligning our financing flows with the Paris Agreement.

So the key to make this work is to integrate climate and development. We need to identify the biggest mitigation and adaptation opportunities, and use those to drive our climate financing. This is a path that I hope others will follow. To spend more, but do it in ways that will achieve the most useful results.

For example:  in a given country, will it be more effective to invest in green agriculture, or low carbon energy, or drainage systems that can save lives in a hurricane? We're adding diagnostics that will help with these questions.

We're working with countries to reduce their subsidies on fossil fuels, recognizing that they are expensive and distortive. Some countries will want to implement taxes on carbon and might reduce taxes elsewhere.

Nature-based solutions and renewable energy sources each have a key role. An important element of our plan is to support the transition from coal to affordable and sustainable energy. And our plan also includes diagnostics to help achieve the best results from adaptation:  what are the best opportunities to save lives and livelihoods? And this type of prioritization and planning is critical, I think, to achieve the most impact and results from climate finance.

We're actively engaged with developing countries on their NDCs and long term strategies, and we'll be introducing new in depth Country Climate and Development Reports.

All in all:  our plan is ambitious, we're integrating climate and development to engage the full resources of the World Bank Group, and we're working on – and, Secretary Kerry, I'm very glad you mentioned the importance of concessional resources – we're working on a strong IDA20 replenishment for the poorest countries. Climate action will be a core theme of that.

Also, middle income countries will need additional support. Green bonds, blue bonds, financial innovation, they all play a key role. The World Bank Group provides an effective platform for this type of leveraging of donor resources. We can combine financing with deep country based climate and development know how. And that all reduces the fragmentation that is occurring in climate and development.

I have other comments I would love to make. But, above all, we recognize the severity and the inequality of the current environment. People are facing challenges everywhere. There are tough issues that I haven't been able to name. The challenges are different country by country, and to be valid, we have to take into account the full lifecycle costs and benefits of various climate policy choices.

What we know is that poverty, inequality and climate change are defining challenges of our time and increasingly they go hand in hand.

For the World Bank Group, our goal – and my goal – is to provide support, and take prompt action, in ways that create the most positive impact toward green, resilient, and inclusive development. Thank you.

IMF Managing Director’s intervention at the Leaders Summit on Climate, Session 2: Investing in Climate Solutions

As Prepared for Delivery

April 22, 2021



Mr. President,

Special Envoy Kerry,

Secretary Yellen,

At the IMF we look at climate change as central in our work on macroeconomic and financial stability, growth and employment.  It presents huge risks to the functioning of our economies and offers incredible opportunities for transformative investments and green jobs.

Let me focus on three areas where the right policies can make a significant difference in accelerating the transition to the new climate economy.

First, a robust price on carbon: it provides a critical market signal to producers and consumers in all sectors of the economy.  It has proven to advance investments in renewable energy, electric mobility, energy efficient buildings, reforestation and other climate friendly activities — with positive impact on growth and jobs, while reducing carbon emissions.  Carbon revenues can also help secure a just transition, compensating households for price increases and helping businesses and workers move from high to low carbon intensity activities.

Our analysis shows that without it, we will not reach our climate stabilization goals. It also shows that a mix of steadily rising carbon prices and green infrastructure investment could increase global GDP by more than 0.7 percent per year over the next 15 years—and create millions of new jobs.

Carbon pricing is gaining momentum. Many businesses now use a shadow carbon price in their models. Over 60 pricing schemes have been implemented. But the average global price is currently $2 a ton, and needs to rise to $75 a ton by 2030 to curb emissions in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Because of the urgency to act we propose an international carbon price floor among large emitters, such as the G20. Focus on a minimum carbon price among a small group of large emitters could facilitate an agreement, covering up to 80 percent of global emissions.

Such a price floor has to be pragmatic and equitable, with differentiated pricing for countries at different levels of economic development. And it can be implemented through carbon taxes, carbon trading systems, or equivalent measures that match local policy preferences.

Crucially, a price floor could avoid less efficient and contentious border carbon adjustments if some countries move ahead with robust pricing while others do not.

Second, green taxonomy and standardized reporting of  climate related financial risks.  Both are necessary to unlock trillions of dollars in private finance.

The financial industry is already stepping up, but in a recent survey of major investors more than half cited the poor quality or availability of data as the biggest barrier to sustainable investing. That is why the IMF is working with our members and partners on data quality and disclosure, as well as on financial sector stress testing for climate-related risks.

The third area is financial support to developing countries.

They offer many of the lowest-cost opportunities—so it’s in everyone’s interest to fulfill the commitment of $100 billion a year in climate finance for the developing world. Combined with technology transfer and policy support it will make it possible to decouple growth and carbon emissions.

We will play our part, integrating climate change into our annual economic ‘health checks’ of countries and financial systems and actively promoting low carbon and climate resilient growth paths.
               
作者：中外能源经济观察