【ICDPASO】国际货币基金组织、经济合作与发展组织、世界银行和世界贸易组织联合发布报告,就政府补贴问题发表意见

梨波儿

扫码关注我们

国际商事争端预防与解决组织



2022年5月5日，国际货币基金组织、经济合作与发展组织、世界银行集团和世界贸易组织联合举办在线研讨，针对政府补贴发表看法，并汇报了由四个组织联合编写的研究报告内容。

世界贸易组织副总干事阿纳贝尔·冈萨雷斯（Anabel González）在活动开幕词中指出，补贴会对贸易活动和贸易政策产生重大影响，例如扭曲贸易和投资流动、破坏贸易承诺所创造的可预测性和稳定性，并削弱公众对开放贸易的支持。此外，新兴问题也逐渐进入到关于补贴的讨论之中，这些问题包括全球价值链、数字市场、国家发挥主导作用的经济体和国有企业的全球重要性，以及气候变化的紧迫挑战等等。针对这些问题，副总干事冈萨雷斯指出：“建设性地处理补贴问题可以在很大程度上缓解世贸组织的压力，振兴全球贸易。”

活动对四个组织发布的联合报告进行了概要与汇报。该报告着重于可能产生有害国际影响的补贴，特别是有可能扭曲贸易或投资的补贴，包括侵蚀现有关税约束、扭曲全球公域的补贴。这些补贴的形式可以是直接的政府支出、税收优惠、股权注入、优惠贷款、以优惠条件提供商品和服务，以及价格支持政策等等。报告指出，频繁地使用补贴，导致反补贴行动数量也大为增加，其中最明显的是反补贴税措施。但是，关于补贴的信息交换环节是薄弱的，因此需要加强关于补贴的国际合作，增强全球贸易的开放性和可预测性。

其他与会专家也纷纷对报告内容发表了意见。世界银行高级经济学家何塞·西格诺雷（Jose Signoret）指出，补贴是2008年金融危机后政府最常使用的干预形式，频率甚至超过了关税和其他非关税措施。“大多数有记录的补贴方案是由有可能影响全球市场的最大贸易经济体实施的。然而，与农业不同，工业部门得到政府支持的范围和规模在证据上相对匮乏。”经合组织贸易和农业局副局长朱莉娅·尼尔森（Julia Nielson）指出：“提高透明度是解决补贴问题的第一步。补贴的改革难度大，提高成员方在补贴领域的改革透明度有利于带动改革氛围。同时，加强关于补贴的国际合作非常有必要，既可以从他国经验中学习如何设计补贴，也可以学习如何以最适当的方式改革补贴。”世贸组织经济研究和统计司全球经济分析负责人亚历克斯·凯克（Alex Keck）则认为，包括世贸组织的《补贴和反补贴措施协议》在内的现有的国际规则，为规范补贴提供了一个强有力的基础。然而，这些规则存在着长期的和近期暴露的缺陷，进而存在着一定的改进空间。经验表明，提高透明度、分析水平、加强多边对话有助于制定更好的规则。

【ICDPASO】IMF, OECD, World Bank Group and WTO Released a Joint Report to Share Views on Government Subsidies

On May 5, 2022, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization (WTO) jointly held an online event to share their views on government subsidies and the report prepared by their staff teams.

In her opening remarks to the event, WTO Deputy Director-General Anabel González noted the significant impact subsidies can have on trade and trade policy. For example, subsidies can distort trade and investment flows, undermine the predictability and stability created by trade commitments, and erode public support for open trade. In addition, issues have emerged which have prompted new debates about the role of subsidies. These issues include the global value chains; digital markets; the global importance of economies in which the state plays a central role, and of international state-owned enterprises; and the urgent challenge of climate change. To address these issues, “Dealing constructively with subsidies could go a long way to ease the pressures weighing on the WTO and revitalize global trade.,” added DDG González.

The event presented and took stock of the report jointly released by the four organizations. The report focuses on subsidies with possible harmful international effects - especially those that have the potential to distort trade or investment, including by eroding existing tariff bindings and promoting subsidies harmful to the global environment. These subsidies may take the form of direct government spending, tax incentives, equity infusions, concessional loans, the provision of goods and services on favorable terms, and price support policies. According to the report, the increasing use of subsidies has also led to increasing resort to anti-subsidy actions, and the most notably ones are countervailing duty measures. However, the information on subsidies is weak, and greater international cooperation on subsidies is needed to bring greater openness and predictability to global trade.

Other participating experts also gave their views on the report. World Bank senior economist Jose Signoret noted that subsidies are the most frequent form of intervention used by governments after the financial crisis of 2008, surpassing measures such as tariffs and other non-tariff measures. Most recorded subsidy programmes are implemented by the largest trading economies that have the potential to influence the global market,” Mr Signoret said. However, “unlike in agriculture, evidence on the scope and scale of government support in industrial sectors remains relatively scarce. “Improving transparency is a fundamental first step in addressing subsidies,” said Julia Nielson Deputy Director of the OECD's Trade and Agriculture Directorate. “Subsidies are notoriously hard to reform, it's easier when others are doing it as well.” Stepping up international cooperation on subsidies “is absolutely essential,” she added. “You can learn from the experience of others in terms of how to design subsidies, but also how to reform them in the most appropriate way.” Alex Keck, head of Global Economic Analysis with the WTO's Economic Research and Statistics Division, said existing international rules, including the WTO's Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, provide a strong basis for regulating subsidies. Nevertheless, there are long-standing and more recently exposed gaps in the rules that have “given the impression that there is room for more precision or maybe for some additions”. “Experience has also shown that improved transparency, analysis and dialogue has helped to develop better rules. This also applies in going forward,” he added.

国际商事争端预防与解决组织

International Commercial Dispute

Prevention and Settlement Organization

（ICDPASO）

热线电话：

0086-10-65918576

电子邮箱：

secretariat@icdpaso.org

联系人：国际商事争端预防与解决组织秘书处

钟先生：0086-10-65918576转8602

郝女士：0086-10-65918576转8607

咨询时间：每工作日上午9:00-12:00、下午13:30-17:00

Telephone：

0086-10-65918576

E-mail：

secretariat@icdpaso.org

Contacts:

Mr. Zhong:

0086-10-65918576 ext. 8602

Ms. Hao:

0086-10-65918576 ext. 8607

Working hours:

9:00-12:00a.m.and13:30-17:00 p.m. ，Monday-Friday
         
作者：国际商事争端预防与解决组织